Resumen Introducción. El objetivo del estudio es determinar la prevalencia de los resultados negativos asociados a la medicación (RNM) y reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) que tienen los pacientes que acuden al servicio de urgencias (SU) de un centro de salud. Método. Estudio observacional exploratorio, de corte transversal, en pacientes con RNM que consultan en un servicio de urgencias. La información, acorde con las variables de interés, se recolectó con un instrumento diseñado y evaluado para ello. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística multivariante sobre los RNM encontrados, para determinar las variables más importantes que predisponen a la aparición de RNM. Además, se determinó la evitabilidad de RNM (criterio de Baena et al.), la gravedad de RNM (clasificación de Schneider) y la causalidad de RAM (algoritmo de Naranjo). Resultados. Un total de 158 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. La prevalencia de visitas al SU motivados por RNM fue 35,0 % (55 pacientes) y de RAM fue de 5,1 % (8 pacientes). El 88,0 % de los RNM se consideraron evitables y el 74,0 % fueron de gravedad leve. Por otra parte, el 37,5 % (n=3) de RAM fueron clasificadas como evitables y el 50,0 % como probables. El modelo logístico multivariado indica una posible asociación entre los RNM con bajos niveles de escolaridad, la utilización de plantas medicinales y el número de enfermedades concomitantes. Conclusiones. La visita de 1 de cada 3 pacientes al servicio de urgencias está asociado a un RNM; mientras que 1 de cada 20 lo está a una RAM. Otros estudios son necesarios.

Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of negative outcomes associated with medication (NOMs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring in the emergency department (ED) of a health centre. Method. An exploratory observational, cross-sectional study of patients with NOMs consulting in an ED. According to the variables of interest, the information was collected with an instrument designed and evaluated for this purpose. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to the NOMs and found the most important variables predisposing to the appearance of NOM. In addition, the avoid ability of NOM (Baena et al. criteria), the severity of NOM (Schneider classification) and the causality of ADR (Naranjo algorithm) were shown. Results. A total of 158 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of visits to the ED due to NOM was 35.0 % (55 patients) and ADR was 5.1 % (8 patients). Overall, 88.0 % of the ADRs were considered avoidable and 74.0 % were of mild severity. On the other hand, 37.5 % (n=3) of suspected ADR were classified as avoidable and 50.0 % as probable. The multivariate logistic model indicates a possible association between NOMs with lower levels of schooling, the use of medicinal plants and the number of diseases. Conclusions. The visit of 1 in 3 patients to the emergency department is associated with a NOM, while 1 in 20 is associated with an ADR. Further studies are needed.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El proyecto DoTT (Disminuyendo el tiempo a la terapia, sigla en inglés) busca minimizar el intervalo entre el inicio de la fiebre y las intervenciones médicas en la población infantil con neutropenia febril. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la implementación del proyecto DoTT sobre el tiempo transcurrido desde el inicio de la fiebre hasta la llegada del paciente (TLP) al hospital y el tiempo transcurrido en el hospital hasta la administración del antibiótico (TAA) en niños con neutropenia febril ingresados en el servicio de urgencias. Métodos. El proyecto DoTT se puso en marcha en un hospital peruano, según el modelo de estrategia multimodal de mejora de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Entre sus componentes se encontraban crear un conjunto de servicios de atención de salud y de algoritmos para la selección de antibióticos; capacitar a los usuarios en la utilización del conjunto de servicios y de los algoritmos; realizar un seguimiento de los resultados de los pacientes y recabar la opinión de los usuarios; fomentar el uso del nuevo sistema; y promover la integración del proyecto en la cultura institucional. Se capacitó al personal de la sala de urgencias en la atención de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer y fiebre, y en el uso del conjunto de servicios y de los algoritmos. Se informó sobre el proyecto DoTT mediante folletos y carteles, con vistas a institucionalizar el concepto y difundirlo a otros servicios hospitalarios. Resultados. Se analizaron los datos de ingreso de 129 pacientes de nuestro registro que cumplían con los requisitos. Se compararon el TAA y el TLP al hospital antes y después de la intervención con las pautas del proyecto DoTT. La mediana del TAA fue de 146 minutos (intervalo intercuartílico [II]: 97-265 minutos) en 99 pacientes antes de la intervención y de 69 minutos (II: 50-120 minutos) en 30 pacientes después de ella (p <0,01). La mediana del TLP disminuyó de 1 483 minutos en el momento de la evaluación inicial a 660 minutos después de la intervención (p <0,01). Conclusiones. La aplicación del modelo de estrategia multimodal de mejora de la OMS a la atención de la población infantil con neutropenia febril que acude al hospital tuvo un efecto positivo sobre el TLP y el TAA, lo que podría aumentar la supervivencia de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective. The DoTT (Decreasing Time to Therapy) project aimed to minimize the interval between fever onset and medical interventions for children with febrile neutropenia. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of implementing the DoTT project on the hospital time to antibiotic (TTA) and patient time to arrival (PTA) at the hospital in children with febrile neutropenia admitted to the emergency department. Methods. The DoTT project was implemented at a Peruvian hospital and followed the World Health Organization (WHO) multimodal improvement strategy model. Components included creating a healthcare delivery bundle and antibiotic selection pathways, training users of the bundle and pathways, monitoring patient outcomes and obtaining user feedback, encouraging use of the new system, and promoting the integration of DoTT into the institutional culture. Emergency room providers were trained in the care delivery for children with cancer and fever and taught to use the bundle and pathways. DoTT was promoted via pamphlets and posters, with a view to institutionalizing the concept and disseminating it to other hospital services. Results. Admission data for 129 eligible patients in our registry were analyzed. The TTA and PTA were compared before and after the DoTT intervention. The median TTA was 146 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 97–265 minutes) before the intervention in 99 patients, and 69 minutes (IQR 50–120 minutes) afterwards in 30 patients (p < 0.01). The median PTA was reduced from 1 483 minutes at baseline to 660 minutes after the intervention (p < 0.01). Conclusions. Applying the WHO multimodal improvement strategy model to the care of children with febrile neutropenia arriving at the hospital had a positive impact on the PTA and TTA, thus potentially increasing the survival of these patients.

RESUMO Objetivo. O projeto DoTT (Redução do Tempo para o Tratamento, na sigla em inglês) tem como objetivo reduzir ao máximo o intervalo entre o início da febre e as intervenções médicas em crianças com neutropenia febril. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da implementação do projeto DoTT no tempo desde o início da febre até a chegada do paciente (TCP) ao hospital e no tempo no hospital até a administração de antibióticos (TAA) em crianças com neutropenia febril admitidas no departamento de emergência. Métodos. O projeto DoTT foi implementado em um hospital do Peru e seguiu o modelo de estratégia de melhoria multimodal da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Os componentes incluíram a criação de um pacote de prestação de serviços de saúde e de protocolos de seleção de antibióticos, o treinamento de usuários no pacote e nos protocolos de seleção, o monitoramento da evolução dos pacientes e obtenção de feedback dos usuários, o incentivo ao uso do novo sistema e a promoção da integração do DoTT à cultura institucional. Os profissionais do pronto-socorro foram capacitados na prestação de cuidados a crianças com câncer e febre e no uso do pacote e dos protocolos de seleção. O DoTT foi divulgado por meio de panfletos e pôsteres, com o objetivo de institucionalizar o conceito e disseminá-lo para outros serviços hospitalares. Resultados. Foram analisados os dados de internação de 129 pacientes elegíveis em nosso registro. O TAA e o TCP foram comparados antes e depois da intervenção DoTT. O TAA mediano era de 146 minutos (intervalo interquartil: 97-265 minutos) antes da intervenção em 99 pacientes e de 69 minutos (intervalo interquartil: 50-120 minutos) depois da intervenção em 30 pacientes (p < 0,01). O TCP mediano diminuiu de 1483 minutos na linha de base para 660 minutos após a intervenção (p < 0,01). Conclusão. A aplicação do modelo de estratégia multimodal de melhoria da OMS ao atendimento de crianças com neutropenia febril que chegam ao hospital teve um impacto positivo no TCP e no TAA, potencialmente aumentando a sobrevida desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT The populations of Acropora palmata have decreased over the last four decades, and although there are several studies on their genetic diversity in the Caribbean, no studies have been published about the reefs from the southern Gulf of Mexico. This research aimed to determine, using five microsatellite markers, the genetic variation of three A. palmata populations in the Mexican Atlantic located in the southwest Gulf of Mexico, in the Campeche Bank, and in the Caribbean. The mean of genetic richness (Ng/N) in the studied reefs was 0.583; the lowest estimated value corresponded to the Campeche Bank reef. A low genetic diversity was registered in the studied reefs (reef mean He = 0.315 ± 0.052). The significant genetic structure observed among studied populations could be related to ocean currents from the region and specific biological characteristics, mainly, short larvae phase, high mortality, and high rate of self-recruitment. These results may be particularly useful for designing management strategies, considering the lack of studies of this type in the region.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the viral frequency and clinical-epidemiological characteristics in the episodes of acute respiratory infection in patients of the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja in Lima, the information of the episodes of patients who required at least one direct Immunofluorescence test from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018 was analyzed. 1153 episodes were identified in 707 patients. The median age was 1 year and 55% were male. The viral frequency was 13.4%; respiratory syncytial virus was identified in 10.7% of the episodies. The viral frequency was higher in children under 1 year of age (16.2%); in those with congenital disease respiratory (38.9%) and during the autumn (24.2%). The most common symptoms were cough (70.3%) and fever (53.4%); and the main diagnoses, viral pneumonia (31.8) and bronchiolitis (23.4%). It is concluded that the respiratory viral frequency was related to age, seasonality and pre-existing pathology.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia viral y las características clínico-epidemiológicas en los episodios de infección respiratoria aguda de pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja en Lima, se analizó la información de los episodios de pacientes que requirieron al menos una prueba de inmunofluorescencia directa desde el 1 de enero del 2017 al 31 de diciembre del 2018. Se identificaron 1153 episodios en 707 pacientes. La mediana de la edad fue de 1 año y el 55% fueron del sexo masculino. La frecuencia viral fue del 13,4%; el virus respiratorio sincitial se identificó en el 10,7% de los episodios. La frecuencia viral fue mayor en los menores de 1 año (16,2%); en aquellos con enfermedad congénita respiratoria (38,9%) y durante el otoño (24,2%). Los síntomas más comunes fueron tos (70,3%) y fiebre (53,4%); y los principales diagnósticos fueron neumonía viral (31,8%) y bronquiolitis (23,4%). Se concluye que la frecuencia viral respiratoria estuvo relacionada con la edad, estacionalidad y patología preexistente.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the viral frequency and clinical-epidemiological characteristics in the episodes of acute respiratory infection in patients of the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja in Lima, the information of the episodes of patients who required at least one direct Immunofluorescence test from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018 was analyzed. 1153 episodes were identified in 707 patients. The median age was 1 year and 55% were male. The viral frequency was 13.4%; respiratory syncytial virus was identified in 10.7% of the episodies. The viral frequency was higher in children under 1 year of age (16.2%); in those with congenital disease respiratory (38.9%) and during the autumn (24.2%). The most common symptoms were cough (70.3%) and fever (53.4%); and the main diagnoses, viral pneumonia (31.8) and bronchiolitis (23.4%). It is concluded that the respiratory viral frequency was related to age, seasonality and pre-existing pathology.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia viral y las características clínico-epidemiológicas en los episodios de infección respiratoria aguda de pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja en Lima, se analizó la información de los episodios de pacientes que requirieron al menos una prueba de inmunofluorescencia directa desde el 1 de enero del 2017 al 31 de diciembre del 2018. Se identificaron 1153 episodios en 707 pacientes. La mediana de la edad fue de 1 año y el 55% fueron del sexo masculino. La frecuencia viral fue del 13,4%; el virus respiratorio sincitial se identificó en el 10,7% de los episodios. La frecuencia viral fue mayor en los menores de 1 año (16,2%); en aquellos con enfermedad congénita respiratoria (38,9%) y durante el otoño (24,2%). Los síntomas más comunes fueron tos (70,3%) y fiebre (53,4%); y los principales diagnósticos fueron neumonía viral (31,8%) y bronquiolitis (23,4%). Se concluye que la frecuencia viral respiratoria estuvo relacionada con la edad, estacionalidad y patología preexistente.

Abstract White grunt (Haemulon plumierii) has gained relevance as an alternative resource to fisheries off the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, however, knowledge of its biology in the region is scarce. Thus, in order to explore the reproductive biology of H. plumierii, a total of 355 specimens were caught with a hand line and bait, from September 2015 to November 2016 to conduct histological analysis of the gonads. The sample was represented by 233 males and 122 females, differing from the 1:1 sex ratio (1 female per 2.1 males). The reproductive season occurred from February to August with a maximum peak in May. The 50% maturity size (L50) was estimated at 15.15 and 15.22 cm TL for males and females, respectively. The batch fecundity ranged from 9,363 to 42,371 eggs per batch, with an average of 26,558 eggs. Several reproductive biology features were observed in H. plumierii, such as spring spawning seasonality, length at sexual maturity, asynchronous oocyte development with an indeterminate fecundity, and batch spawning. This kind of information can guide proposals for further sustainable fishery management measures that may guarantee the continuity of this economically important species in the region.

Resumen El ronco blanco (Haemulon plumierii) ha ganado relevancia como recurso alternativo a las pesquerías de la costa norte de la península de Yucatán; sin embargo, el conocimiento de su biología en la región es escaso. Así, para explorar la biología reproductiva de H. plumierii se capturaron un total de 355 ejemplares con línea de mano y cebo, desde septiembre de 2015 hasta noviembre de 2016, con el fin de realizar análisis histológico de las gónadas. La muestra estuvo representada por 233 machos y 122 hembras, a diferencia de la proporción de sexos 1:1 (1 hembra por 2.1 machos). La temporada reproductiva ocurrió de febrero a agosto con un pico máximo en mayo. La talla promedio de madurez sexual (L50) se estimó en 15.15 y 15.22 cm (LT) para machos y hembras, respectivamente. La fecundidad por lotes osciló entre 9,363 y 42,371 huevos por lote, con un promedio de 26,558 huevos. Se observaron varias características de la biología reproductiva en H. plumierii, como la estacionalidad del desove en primavera, la talla de madurez sexual, el desarrollo asincrónico de ovocitos con una fecundidad indeterminada y el desove por lotes. Este tipo de información puede orientar propuestas para futuras medidas de manejo pesquero sostenible que puedan garantizar la continuidad de esta especie de importancia económica en la región.

Abstract Usefulness of chondrocutaneous helix flap for defects smaller than 2 cm is widely accepted. This paper attempts to show the outcome of this technique for the management of a large helix and antihelix defect. We performed the Antia-Buch technique, with two chondrocutaneous flaps, to reconstruct in a single surgical stage a 40 mm defect in the middle third of the auricle of an elderly patient who refused more than one surgical time, achieving an appropriate functional and cosmetical outcome.

Resumen La utilidad del colgajo condrocutáneo del hélix para cubrir defectos menores de 2 cm es ampliamente aceptada. Con esta publicación queremos mostrar el resultado de esta técnica para el manejo de un defecto extenso que incluía el tercio medio del hélix y antihelix. Realizamos la técnica de Antia-Buch con doble colgajo condrocutáneo para reconstruir, en un solo tiempo quirúrgico, un defecto de 40 mm en el tercio medio del pabellón auricular de una paciente de avanzada edad, que había rechazado opciones reconstructivas que requirieran varios tiempos de cirugía, obteniendo un resultado funcional y cosmético adecuado.

Abstract In this article we estimate the probable magnitude of changes in income distribution, poverty and extreme poverty in the country, in the metropolitan areas of the Valley of Mexico, Guadalajara and Monterrey, as well as in Mexico City, according to different behavioral hypothesis of labor income, based on information available until the start of the pandemic, which considers the closures of so-called non-essential activities and their impact on specific occupations. The pandemic stroke in the context of an incipient process of real wages and employment growth, which began in 2019, and our results show that the slowdown in activities derived from the health emergency, both in Mexico and in the world, caused an increase in poverty and extreme poverty, in addition to the growth of inequality measured by the Gini index.

Resumen En este artículo estimamos la magnitud probable de los cambios en la distribución del ingreso, la pobreza y la pobreza extrema del país en las áreas metropolitanas del Valle de México, Guadalajara y Monterrey, así como en la Ciudad de México, de acuerdo con diferentes hipótesis de conducta del ingreso laboral basadas en información disponible hasta el inicio de la pandemia y que consideran los cierres de actividades llamadas no esenciales y el impacto de éstos en ocupaciones específicas. La pandemia apareció en el contexto de un incipiente proceso de aumento en los salarios reales y en el empleo iniciado en 2019; nuestros resultados muestran que el freno en las actividades derivado de la emergencia sanitaria, tanto en México como en el mundo, provocó el aumento de la pobreza y la extrema pobreza, además del crecimiento de la desigualdad medida por el índice de Gini.

ABSTRACT A feeding test was performed to evaluate compensatory growth in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and to assess changes in feed conversion ratio (FCR), body condition, and carcass composition associated with the imposed feeding strategy. The experiment was carried out under two different stages, restricted (RS) and compensated (CS), with six weeks long each other. Three hundred juveniles of Nile tilapia (average weight of 16.4 ± 0.2 g) were divided into three treatments and one control. The control group was fed to apparent satiation four times a day in both stages. The RS treatments were based on 100% (RS100), 80% (RS80), and 60% (RS60) of a feeding chart, respectively. In the next six weeks, fishes from the CS treatments (CS100, CS80, and CS60) were then fed to apparent satiation four times a day. In the RS, the control group displayed the most considerable weight gained, but with a significant FCR. Nevertheless, in the CS, the previous restricted treatments (RC80 and RC100) showed a compensatory growth, with a smaller FCR than the control group. The restricted-compensated rations did not have a significant effect on the size heterogeneity; when the food is restricted, fish use to moisturize their tissue to compensate for the muscle loss until they receive more food. However, when the food restriction levels are too high, the weight gain, lipid, and protein levels do not recover as they were before. Thus, restricted (marginally) and compensatory feeding strategies provide evidence that growth rates of fishes can be regulated.

Background: One of the side effects of cancer treatment is a low level of physical activity (PA) due to fatigue and pain. Aim: To quantify PA levels in Chilean people with cancer. Material and Methods: Analysis of the National Health Survey 2016-2017 including 6,233 participants, comparing those with and without a self-report of cancer was conducted. Levels of PA and sitting time were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: 3% of participants [confidence intervals (CI): 2.6; 3.9] reported having cancer and 34% [95% CI: 22.7; 46.7] of these reported being physically inactive, compared to 25% [95% CI: 22.5; 27,3] of those without cancer. Participants with cancer performed 56 and 77 minutes/day lower vigorous and total PA than participants without cancer. No differences between groups were observed for commuting PA, moderate PA and sedentary time. Lower level of PA was independent of the years elapsed since the diagnosis of cancer. Conclusions: People with cancer are less physically active than their counterparts without the disease.

Background: Housewives represent a important proportion of the Chilean population. However, there is limited evidence about their lifestyles. Aim: To characterize lifestyles and determine the level of compliance with healthy lifestyles guidelines of housewives in Chile. Material and Methods: Housewives from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included. The variables studied included levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, diet, hours of sleep and smoking. Compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviors was evaluated through logistic regression, granting a value of 1 for compliance and 0 for non-compliance. A healthy lifestyle was defined as meeting at least four healthy behaviors. Results: Housewives aged > 55 years had a higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those aged < 40 years. Housewives were also more likely to report moderate alcohol consumption and were more likely to meet a healthier lifestyle score (Odds ratio = 1.52 [95% confidence intervals: 1.09 to 2.11], p = 0.013). No significant age trends were observed for other lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions: Housewives had high levels of central obesity, excess body weight and high levels of salt intake but low alcohol intake. Their healthy lifestyles behaviors increased along with increasing age.

ABSTRACT Obesity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. However, not all obese individuals have an unhealthy metabolic pro-file and vice versa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different metabolic phenotypes by nutritional status in Chile. Methods: 1,733 individuals from the National Health Survey 2009-10 were included in this study. Nutritional status (obesity or normal-weight) was determined by BMI whereas metabolic profile was determined through four parameters: Glycaemia, blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Four metabolic phenotypes were derived, among them: MUNO: metabolically unhealthy and non-obese and MHO: metabolically healthy obesity. Results: The prevalence of MHO in the Chilean population was 3.3% while the prevalence of MUNO was 17.4%. Moreover, the prevalence of MHO decreased as age increased and a greater proportion of metabolically healthy individuals were in the highest gross income group and in the technical-university educational level. Conclusion: This study shows a low prevalence of MHO and a higher prevalence of MUNO in the Chilean population. Future preventive actions should take into account not only the nutritional status, but also the metabolic profile of the population.

RESUMEN La obesidad es un importante factor de riesgo cardiovascular. No obstante, no todas las personas obesas tienen un perfil metabólico alterado ni todas las personas normo-peso poseen un perfil metabólico normal. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de diferentes fenotipos metabólicos asocia-dos al estado nutricional en Chile. Métodos: se incluyeron 1.733 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. El estado nutricional (obesidad o normo-peso) fue determinado a través del IMC mientras que la condición metabólica (saludable o no) en base a cuatro parámetros: glicemia, presión arterial, colesterol HDL y triglicéridos. Con estos parámetros de determinaron 4 fenotipos, entre ellos, MUNO: metabólicamente no saludable no obeso y MHO: obeso metabólicamente saludable. Resultados: La prevalencia de MHO fue de 3,3% mientras que un 17,4% presentaba MUNO. Adicionalmente, la prevalencia de MHO disminuyó en la medida que aumentó la edad y la mayor proporción de individuos metabólicamente saludables se encontraba en el grupo de altos ingresos y con un nivel educacional superior (técnico-universitario). Conclusión: Se evidencia una baja prevalencia de MHO, así como también una alta prevalencia de individuos MUNO en la población chilena. Futuras acciones preventivas deberían no sólo considerar el estado nutricional sino también la condición metabólica de la población.

Vermicompost production from livestock manure was evaluated under two production systems through their chemical parameters and evaluating its effect on the growth and yield of radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.) under field condition at the National Agrarian University La Molina, in Li ma - Perú. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with 12 treatments and three replications. The first factor of study includes two different types of livestock manure that was pre-decomposed under two treatments (washing and inoculation with beneficial microorganism consortium). As second factor, included two kinds of microorganism (Bacillus sp., and beneficial microorganism’s consortium). The third factor included two vermicomposting production system (superficial named "gable roof" and underground "pit system’’) processed with Eisenia foetida during 40 days. The characterization of vermicomposts from the pit system presented greater reduction in salinity, pH, C/N, total phosphorus, potassium, sodium concentration, higher retained moisture, total calcium, magnesium and humic subtances concentration. The C/N value showed that the vermicompost was stable. By comparison, the means indicate that treatment MMZ (livestock manure pre-decomposed inoculate with beneficial microorganism under pit system) attained greater height and length of leaves and individual weight of fruit.

Se evaluó la calidad de vermicompost resultante de excreta de vacuno bajo dos sistemas de producción a través de sus parámetros físico químicos y de su efecto sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento de plantas de rábano (Rhaphanus sativus L) bajo condiciones de campo en la Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina (UNALM), Lima, Perú. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completo al azar (DBCA) 12 tratamientos con tres repeticiones. El primer factor de estudio incluyó dos tipos de compost de vacuno, compostados bajo dos tratamientos (lavado e inoculado con microorganismos benéficos). Como segundo factor se empleó dos tipos de microorganismos (Bacillus sp., y microorganismos benéficos). Un tercer factor incluyó dos sistemas de producción de vermicompost (zanja y techo a dos aguas) empleando Eisenia foetida (40 días). Los vermicomposts procedentes del sistema zanja presentaron mayor descenso en salinidad, pH, relación C/N, contenido total de fósforo, potasio, sodio y mayor incremento en contenido de humedad, calcio, magnesio y sustancias húmicas. C/N indicó la estabilización del vermicompost. En el rendimiento del rábano el tratamiento MZM (compost inoculado con microorganismos benéficos del sistema zanja) alcanzó mayor altura y peso fresco de hojas y peso de hipocótilo.

Abstract: Introduction: Parents are key models for transmitting and teaching healthy lifestyle habits to their children. Our objective was to determine the influence of the economic and motivational support, and parental involvement in their children physical activity (PA) and its relationship with nutritio nal status and cardiorespiratory fitness. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional study which included 70 six-year-old schoolchildren. Parents completed the “The Parental Influence on Physical Activity Scale” questionnaire. Anthropometric variables were measured according to the Chilean Ministerial Technical Standard for the supervision of children from 0 to 9 years old; PA intensity was measured with triaxial accelerometers GT3X and the VO2max estimation was performed using the Navette Course test. Results: The average body mass index was 17.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2, the obesity prevalence and VO2max were 57.1%, and 38.05 ± 16.9 ml/kg/min, respectively. Moderate PA during the physical education (PE) class was significantly higher in boys compared to girls (p < 0.006). The economic and motivational support of the parents did not significantly influence the body weight of the children, BMI, waist circumference, PA intensity, and VO2max. Children supported by their parent showed significant differences with moderate PA performed in PE compared to those who were not suppor ted by parents (p = 0.023). Conclusions: Parental support of their children in performing physical activity influences the levels of moderate PA that they do during PE classes. This type of study should be continued and the PA should be measured daily.

Resumen: Introducción: Los padres son modelos fundamentales para trasmitir y enseñar hábitos de vida salu dable a sus hijos. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la influencia del apoyo económico, motivacional y acompañamiento de los padres a sus hijos para realizar actividad física (AF) y su relación con el estado nutricional y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en los escolares. Sujetos y Método: Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó a 70 escolares de seis años. Los padres completaron el cuestionario “The Parental Influence on Physical Activity Scale”. Las variables antropométricas se midieron según la Norma Técnica Ministerial chilena para la supervisión de niños de 0 a 9 años, la intensidad de la AF se midió con acelerómetros triaxiales GT3X y la estimación del VO2máx se realizó utilizando el test Course de Navette. Resultados: El índice de masa corporal fue de 17,9 ± 2,9 kg/m2, la prevalencia de obesidad y el VO2máx fueron de 57,1%, y 38,05 ± 16,9 ml/kg/min, respectivamente. La AF moderada durante la clase de educación física (EF) fue significativamente mayor en niños en comparación a niñas (p < 0,006). El apoyo económico y motivacional de los padres no influyó significativamente en el peso corporal, IMC, perímetro de cintura, intensidad de la AF y VO2máx de los niños. Los niños acompañados por sus padres presentaron diferencias significativas con la AF moderada realizada en EF en comparación con quienes no eran acompañados (p = 0,023). Conclusiones: Acompañar a los hijos a realizar AF influye en la AF moderada que realizan los escolares en EF. Se debería continuar con este tipo de estudio y medir la AF diariamente.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate whether the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and family history of diabetes is modified by the levels of physical activity in the Chilean population. Method In this study were included 5129 participants from the cross-sectional 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and family history of T2D, through self-reporting. The association between diabetes, family history of diabetes and physical activity was determined using logistic regression. Results The odds of developing T2D in people with family history of this pathology is high, independent of their levels of physical activity and adiposity. Both men and women with family history of T2D have a higher probability of developing T2D. The odds ratio for having T2D was 5,49 (95%CI: 3,85-7,84; p <0,0001) in women, and 8,16 (95%CI: 4,96-13,4; p <0,0001) in men with family history of T2D and low levels of physical activity in comparison to those with high levels of physical activity and without a family history. Conclusion Given the elevated risk of developing T2D presented by individuals with a family history of this pathology, and the effect of physical activity in reducing such risk, people with family history of diabetes may need higher levels of physical activity to attenuate their susceptibility to T2D.

RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar si la asociación entre diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) y antecedentes familiares de DMT2 resulta modificada por los niveles de actividad física en población chilena. Método Se incluyeron en el estudio 5129 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de Chile. El tiempo destinado a realizar actividad física se determinó por el cuestionario GPAQ v2, y los antecedentes familiares mediante el autorreporte de cada participante. La asociación entre DMT2, antecedentes familiares de DMT2 y actividad física fue investigada por sexo mediante regresión logística. Resultados El riesgo de desarrollar DMT2 en personas con antecedentes familiares de esta enfermedad es elevado, independientemente de su nivel de actividad física y de su adiposidad. Tanto las mujeres como los hombres físicamente inactivos y con antecedentes familiares de DMT2 presentan mayor probabilidad de desarrollar DMT2 (odds ratio [OR] mujeres: 5,49; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 3,85-7,84; p<0,0001; y OR hombres: 8,16; IC95%: 4,96-13,4; p <0,0001), comparados con sus pares sin antecedentes familiares y activos físicamente. Conclusión Dado el alto riesgo de desarrollar DMT2 que presentan los individuos con antecedentes familiares de esta enfermedad, y el efecto de la actividad física en la disminución de dicho riesgo, es esencial incrementar los niveles de actividad física en la población que presenta mayor susceptibilidad a DMT2.